Download armyworms7/29/2023 Hence, there is a need to develop new, more sustainable approaches to FAW management. Although subsidized by governments, the use of synthetic pesticides as the sole control measure is unsustainable due to their high cost, risk of increased pesticide resistance, pest resurgence, and risk to human health and the environment 5. In 2017, Zimbabwe distributed nearly 102,000 L of pesticide valued at 1.97 million US dollars to farmers 4. In order to contain the FAW spread, many African countries have distributed and applied synthetic pesticides. Since its introduction, FAW has emerged as a serious threat to cereal crops' productivity, such as maize and sorghum, two of the major staple food crops of smallholder farmers, thus jeopardizing food security throughout Africa 2, 3. Smith (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is an insect pest native to the Americas that has invaded and spread throughout sub-Saharan Africa within the last four years 1. The fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda J.E. Our projections can be used to identify countries at risk for permanent and transient FAW-population establishment and inform timely integrated pest management interventions under present and future climate in Africa. These areas will serve as FAW ‘hotspots’ from where it may migrate to the north and south during favorable seasons and then pose an economic threat. However, a large area in eastern and central Africa is projected to have an optimal climate for FAW persistence. Future projections suggest that FAW invasive range will retract from both northern and southern regions towards the equator. Climatic barriers, such as heat and dry stresses, may limit the spread of FAW to North and South Africa. FAW can establish itself in almost all countries in eastern and central Africa and a large part of western Africa under the current climate. We re-parameterized the existing CLIMEX model to assess the FAW global invasion threat, emphasizing the risk of transient and permanent population establishment in Africa under current and projected future climates, considering irrigation patterns. The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (FAW), first invaded Africa in 2016 and has since become established in many areas across the continent where it poses a serious threat to food and nutrition security.
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